Introduction The effectiveness of Herbicides is influenced not only by the active ingredients and their toxicity but also by the formulation of the Herbicide. Conventional Herbicide formulations include wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate (EC). EC formulations are prepared by mixing the active ingredient with solvents and surfactants. However, these formulations can have negative phytotoxic effects due to hazardous solvents and can be unsafe for operators during application. As an alternative to EC formulations, capsule suspension (CS) formulation has been considered. EPTC is a thiocarbamate Herbicide used to control the growth of germinating annual weeds, including broadleaves, grasses, and sedges, in crops such as tobacco in Iran. EPTC acts by inhibiting cuticle formation during the early stages of seedling growth. It is available in formulated products such as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) liquids containing up to 87.8% active ingredient and granular (G) formulations containing up to 25% active ingredient. However, there have been few studies on the production of microcapsule formulations of this Herbicide. This experiment aimed to evaluate the weed control effectiveness of EPTC microcapsule formulation, which was synthesized for the first time in Iran. Additionally, the study examined the effect of the Herbicide extender, Ammonium thiosulfate, at different doses and application methods. Materials and Methods To investigate the effectiveness of different Herbicide formulations and application methods, a three-way factorial experiment was conducted in Tirtash Research and Education Center in Mazandaran province, Iran, during the 2014 growing season. The experiment followed a randomized complete design (CRD) with three replications. The factors studied in the experiment were: Herbicide formulation: Emulsifiable concentrate formulation (Eradicane® EC 82%) Emulsifiable concentrate formulation with Ammonium thiosulfate Microcapsule formulation Herbicide dose: 50% of the recommended active ingredient (2.46 kg a.i. ha-1) 75% of the recommended active ingredient (3.69 kg a.i. ha-1) 100% of the recommended active ingredient (4.92 kg a.i. ha-1) Herbicide application method: Soil-incorporated pre-planting Pre-planting A control plot with no Herbicide application was also included. Throughout the growing season, weed density, weed dry weight, and tobacco yield were measured. The relative weed control compared to the control treatment was used to evaluate the efficiency of the different treatments. The collected data was subjected to analysis of variance using Minitab (Version 18), and mean comparisons were performed using the honestly significant difference (HSD) test at a significance level of 0.05. Results and Discussion Based on the relative frequency of weeds, Setaria viridis L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were dominant species. The experimental results show the effects of formulation type, application dose and method of application on weed density and weed dry weight and tobacco yield were statistically significant difference. The microcapsule formulation increased weed control efficiency and tobacco yield significantly compared to EC formulation and the highest weed control performance and tobacco yield belong to the soil incorporated of microcapsule formulation with recommended dose. Conclusions The results indicated that the utilization of a microcapsule formulation allows for a 25% reduction in the application dose of the EPTC Herbicide, without compromising weed control or tobacco yield. Consequently, there were no significant differences observed between applying 75% of the recommended dose using the microcapsule formulation and applying 100% of the recommended dose using the EC formulation, with or without the extender. Based on these findings, it is crucial to promptly mix the Herbicide with the soil immediately after spraying in order to maintain the efficiency of EPTC. Furthermore, it was discovered that employing two-thirds of the recommended dose of the microcapsule formulation yields the same level of effectiveness as the recommended dose of other formulations. Additionally, incorporating the EPTC Herbicide with soil in all formulations enhanced weed control efficacy. In contrast to previous research suggesting the positive impact of extender adjuvants such as ammonium thiosulfate on Herbicide efficiency, this study did not observe similar effects. This discrepancy may be attributed to the varying soil and climatic conditions at the test site.

In order to evaluate the efficacy of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron + diflufenican (Othello OD( Herbicide doses under temperature and soil moisture conditions in the control of wheat weeds, field experiments were carried out in Fars and Alborz provinces during 2017 to 2018. Treatments included spraying at different times after irrigation (different soil moisture conditions) as main plots in three levels (2 and 7 days after irrigation and 1 day before next irrigation), dose of Herbicide as a subplot at 6 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of recommended dose), and spraying day time as sub-sub plots at two levels (7-8 am, and 11-12am). The results showed that in the condition that moisture had provided after spraying, reduced doses of these Herbicides were more effective in reducing the dry weight of broad leaves weeds than other conditions. 33, 66 and 99 g ai/ha Herbicide doses (25, 50 and 75% of recommended concentration), especially in 2 days after irrigation and 1 day before irrigation treatments, weed dry weight of grass weeds had more difference than 7 days after irrigation conditions, compared to control treatment. Under normal moisture conditions (field capacity), the reduced concentrations were more efficient in controlling the weeds and the higher moisture stress resulted in the lower efficiency of the reduced concentrations..

An experiment was conducted in Qazvin province during 2006-2007 to investigate efficacy of different doses of Butisan Star (metazachlor+quinmerac) 41.6% SC. in canola fields. The experiment was randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications and the following treatments: Butisan Star at 2, 2.2, 2.5, 3, 4 and 5 L/ha pre-emergence and at cotyledon stage of canola, Treflan (trifluralin 48% EC) at 2 L/ha pre plant incorporated + Galant Super (haloxifop-R-methyl ester, 10.8% EC) at 0.75 L/ha before stem elongation of grassy weeds, and weedy check. Each plot was divided into two sections. The upper half was considered as weedy check and the lower half was treated. Data collected from treated area was compared with the weedy section of the same plot. The results indicated that all treated plots showed yield increase as compared to weedy checks. The highest yield increase was 42-45 %, observed in 2.2 L/ha of pre–emergence Butisan Star and weedless check with no statistical difference among them. Yield increase in other treated plots varied between 3-16%. It was concluded that for weed control in canola fields we can recommend 2.2 L/ha of pre-emergence Butisan Star and we may expect above 40% yield increase.

Field experiments were conducted in Zanjan, Markazi, Esfahan, and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces to evaluate Imazetapyr Herbicide efficiency for weed control in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2006. There were four replications at each site and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. In Zanjan, maximum weed biomass reduction by 91 and 88 percent were achieved for pre emergence application of imazethapyr (0.5 l/ha) plus postemergence application of imazethapyr (0.5 l/ha), and pre emergence application of imazethapyr (1 l/ha), respectively. Imazethapyr in all manner of application (preplant incorporation, pre emergence, and postemergence) did not have unacceptable phytotoxic effects on common bean. Post emergence application of Imazethapyr did not have excellent potential as weed control tool in common bean. Although Imazethapyr did not provide the best weed control, by regarding to the restriction of Herbicides available for broadleaf weed control in common bean, it is essential to consider registration of this Herbicide. However, to be identified as having utility for adequately weed control, more investigation about the effects of Imazethapyr on prevalent weed species is a necessity.

In order to determine the best Herbicide composition of narrow leaf weed control, an experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design included 4 replications.Treatments were: prosolphocarb with 2, 3, 4, 5 liter/ha, metribozin750gr/ha, pendimetalin 3, 5 l/ha, Rihm solphoren40 and 60 gr /ha paraquat3 L/hand control. Measurements were done 3 times15, 30 and 45 days after treatment. According to the recorded results, the effect of Herbicides on the Echinochloacrus galli (L.) P.Beauv, Sorghum halepense (L.) pers and Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv were significant and due to Duncan mean comparison, Paraquathad had the greatest effect on Echinochloacrus galli (L.) P.Beauv, Sorghum halepense (L.) pers and Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv in 30days after treatment and Sorghum halepense (L.) pers 30days after treatment.. paendymetalin5L/ha had the greatest effect on Echinochloacrus galli (L.) P.Beauv and Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv 30days and Sorghum halepense (L.) pers, Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv 45days after treatment. Also pendymetalin 3L/ha had the greatest effect on Echinochloacrus galli (L.) P.Beauv in the 45 days after treatment. It is concluded that Paraquat and Pendymetalin could be recommended as Herbicide with the concentration of 5 L/Ha.

Farmers mostly broadcast pre-emergence (PRE) Herbicide either by mixing with fertilizer or sand or apply with irrigation water in Bangladesh. We hypothesized that broadcasting PRE Herbicide by mixing with urea fertilizer or sand or applying it with irrigation water may decrease the efficacy of Herbicide as compared to spraying using clean water and therefore may result in an increase in weed control costs. Farmers’ participatory on-farm trials were conducted in Bangladesh to evaluate the performance of PRE Herbicide application methods on weed control efficiency and grain yield in transplanted boro (dry-season rice) and aman (wet-season rice). Six farmers’ fields were selected, and at each field, four pre-emergence Herbicide application methods were evaluated, viz, broadcast by mixing with urea, broadcast by mixing with sand, spray by mixing with clean water, and application with irrigation water. At 25-30 DAT (before hand-weeding), the lowest weed density (37-81 weeds m-2, respectively, boro and aman) was found in plots with PRE Herbicide application using the spraying method. As compared to the spraying method, weed density was 46, 130 and 316% higher in boro and 16, 17, and 41% higher in aman, respectively, in the plots where PRE Herbicide was applied using broadcast by mixing with urea, broadcast by mixing with sand and application with irrigation water. The plots having Herbicide application with irrigation water required the highest labors (31and 17 persons-day ha-1 in boro and aman, respectively) in manual weed control and man-day ha-1 in manual weeding reduced by 29, 24 and 63% in boro and 13, 6, 42% in aman, respectively, in the plots having Herbicide broadcast by mixing with urea, broadcast by mixing with sand and spay by mixing with clean water, in comparison to plots received PRE application with irrigation water. Rice grain yield was not affected by Herbicide application methods in aman, however, in boro, grain yields were similar (6.3 – 6.5 t ha-1) in the plots having Herbicide broadcast by mixing with urea, broadcast by mixing with sand and spray by mixing with clean water but significantly lower (5.8 t ha-1) in the plot having an application with irrigation water.

Introduction: Brassica napus L. is one of the most important crops in the world and Iran which accounts for about 20% of the world total oil production. The area under cultivation of this crop is 13, 000 hectares in Fars province. Weed interference is also one of the most important limiting factors which decrease crop yields. Weed can decrease crop yield by competing for resources such as water, light and nutrients and production of allelopathic compounds. Weed competition reduced average onion yield by 50% compared with the weed-free control. The most important broad leaf weeds of rapeseed in Fars province are including Carthamus oxyacanthus M. B., Capsella bursa-pastoris, Centaurea solstitialis L., Polygonum aviculare L., Mavla neglecta wallr, Descurainia Sophia (L. ) Webb&Berth, Veronica persica L., Sinapis arvensis L. Application of Herbicides is the most prevalent method of weed control in Rapeseed fields. Herbicides are recommended for control of broad leaf weeds in rapeseed included of trifluralin, clopyralid and butizanstar. Clipfort is a new Herbicide of broadleaf weeds product from Barzegar Barjesteh containing 720 g kg-1 Clopyralid, formulated as a soluble granule (SG). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Clipfort Herbicide with some preplant, preemergence and postemergence registered Herbicides on weed control and rapeseed yield. Materials and Methods: In order to study the effect of Herbicides to control broad leaf weeds of rapeseed fields, an experiment was conducted during 2020-2021 at Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Darab, Iran. Plots were located on a clay loam soil with pH 7. 9. This experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included post emergence application of Clipfort (Clopyralid, SG 72%) at dose rates of 150, 167, 184, 201 g/ha or 108, 120, 132 and 144 a. i. ha-1, post emergence application of Lontrel (Clopyralid, SL 30%) at dose rate of 800 mm/ha or 240 a. i. ha-1, post emergence application of Watch (Clopyralid, SL 30%) at dose rate of 800 mL ha-1 or 240 a. i. ha-1, preemergence application of butisanstar (quinmerac+ metazachlor, SC 41. 6%) at dose rate of 205 mL ha-1 or 1040 a. i. ha-1, preplant soil application Treflan (trifluralin, EC 48%) at dose rate of 2000 mm/ha, or 960 a. i. ha-1 and ) and weed free. The narrow leaf weeds were control by Gallant-super (haloxyfop-r-methyl ester 10. 8% EC) at dose rate of 1000 mL ha-1 in the 3–, 4 leaf weeds. The Herbicides were applied using a Matabi sprayer equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip delivering 300 L ha-1 at 200 kP bar spray pressure. Weed numbers and dry weights were determined in random 0. 50-m2 quadrates per plot. The grain yield and biological yield were recorded for a 2 m2 and 0. 30 m2 from each plot, respectively. Traits were recorded including density, biomass of weed and control percentage of weed, and grain yield and biological yield. Statistical analyses of data were done with SAS var 9 software and comparison of mean was tested using the LSD test at 5% level. Results and Discussion: Broad-leaf weeds infestations included Hirschfeldia incana L., Decurania sophia L., Carthamus oxyacanthus L., Centaurea pallescens L., Veronica persica L., Malva neglecta L. The highest and lowest relative density was V. persica and H. incana 52 and 7 percent respectively. The highest and lowest relative weight was C. oxyacanthus and V. persica 31 and 11 percent respectively. The statistical analysis of the data on the weed density and biomass revealed that Herbicides were applied significantly decreased the weed density and biomass. Visual observation confirmed that these weeds were effectively controlled using the Clipfort Herbicide. Results showed that applications of Clipfort Herbicide at dose rates of 201 g ha-1 provided excellent control of the mention weeds. Thise treatment decreased weed density of H. incana (90 %), D. sophia (98 %), C. oxyacanthus (98 %), C. pallescens (100%), V. persica (66 %), M. neglecta (80 %) and total weed (88%) compared to weed infested control. Also, this treatment decreased weed biomass of H. incana (95%), D. sophia (98%), C. oxyacanthus (99%), C. pallescens (100%), V. persica (68%), M. neglecta (82%) and total weed (91%) compared to weed infested control. However, butizan-star Herbicide had the highest control of V. persica. This Herbicide decreased density and weed biomass of V. persica by 94 and 97 percent comported to infested control. The grain yield and biological yield were 2. 2 and 7. 6-ton ha-1 respectively when applied Clipfort Herbicide at dose rates of 201 g ha-1. This treatment also increased grain yield and biological yield by 36 and 30 percent, respectively. Conclusion: Results showed that the best results achieved from applications of Clipfort Herbicide at dose rates of 201 g ha-1. This treatment decreased density and biomass weeds, and increased rapeseed yield. Therefore, the application of Clipfort Herbicide (201 g ha-1) is recommended for canola fields.

Reduce pesticides usage and improve efficiency of them can be achieved by the technology of controlled release formulations. This experiment conducted to investigate the efficiency of synthesized microcapsule formulation of trifluralin in Tirtash Research and Education Center (located in Mazandaran province, the north of Iran) during the 2014 growing season. The experiment design was three-way factorial arrangement on a CRD with three replications. The treatments consisted of the microcapsule and emulsifiable concentrate (Treflan® 48%) formulation in different doses, 50, 75 and 100 percent of recommended dose (0. 6, 0. 9 and 1. 2 kg a. i. /ha) and application methods, soil-incorporated pre-planting and pre-planting. Weeding and weed infest were prepared as control plots. Density and dry weight of weed at 40 and 60 days after tobacco transplanting and tobacco yield were measured during the growth season. Based on the relative abundance of weeds, Setaria viridis L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. were dominant species. The experimental results show there were significant difference between formulation type, dose and method of application on density and dry weight of weed and tobacco yield. The effectiveness of MC formulation in each applied dose were higher than EC formulation. The 50% recommended dose of MC formulation had the same weed control effectiveness as 75% recommended dose of the EC formulation. The green foxtail and redroot pigweed control were about 72 and 69% in 50% recommended dose of MC formulation and about 79 and 65% in 75% recommended dose of EC formulation, respectively. Also 50% of MC formulation could increase yield as same as the 100% of EC formulation, 4. 26 and 4. 30 ton. ha-1, respectively. Soil incorporation of trifluralin was very necessary to achieve best efficiency.

In order to investigate weed control in sesame farms, a two-year experiment with Randomized Complete Blocks Design, 10 treatments and 3 replications was carried out in Jiroft and Kahnuj during 2006-2008. Treatments included trifluralin 48% EC at 2.5 L/ha (pre plant incorporated) +haloxyfop ethoxy ethyl 12.5% EC at 2 L/ha. post emergence of grassy weeds, alachlor 48% EC at 5 lit/ha pre-emergence, oxyfluorfen 24% EC at 2 lit/ha postemergence, pendimethalin 33% EC at 4 lit/ha pre-emergence, above treatments+one hand weeding, two hand weedings and weed free check. Results indicated that all treatments reduced weed density and dry weight. Trifluralin and alachlor reduced Dactyloctenium aegyptica dry weight by 63 and 56% respectively. Alachlor and pendimethalin reduced Digera muricata dry weight by 94 and 91% respectively. The latter treatments also increased sesame yield by 75 and 65% respectively.